Aetiology
The exact cause of mixed ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ (DCIS/LCIS) of the breast is unknown. Risk factors for the development of DCIS/LCIS include older age, a family history of breast cancer, and certain genetic factors, such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of DCIS/LCIS is made by a breast examination, imaging studies, such as mammography and ultrasound, and a biopsy of the suspicious area. The biopsy is examined under a microscope to look for cells that have the features of DCIS/LCIS.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of DCIS/LCIS includes other conditions that cause similar symptoms, such as benign breast conditions, such as fibroadenomas, and other forms of breast cancer, such as invasive ductal carcinoma.
Treatment
Treatment of DCIS/LCIS is usually surgical removal of the affected area. This may be done by either a lumpectomy or a mastectomy. Radiation therapy may also be recommended, depending on the size and type of DCIS/LCIS.
Prognosis
The prognosis for DCIS/LCIS is generally good, with a cure rate of over 90%. The risk of recurrence is low, and the risk of progression to invasive cancer is also low.