Aetiology
Carcinoma in situ of the bladder is caused by environmental factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals. It is also linked to chronic bladder infections and interstitial cystitis.
Diagnosis
It is usually diagnosed through a urine cytology test, which looks for abnormal cells in the urine. The doctor may also perform an imaging test such as a CT scan or MRI to confirm the diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
It is important to differentiate carcinoma in situ from other bladder diseases such as bladder cancer, bladder polyps and bladder infections.
Treatment
The treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder is usually surgical. The doctor may remove the tumor or part of the bladder wall, or may perform a cystectomy, which is the removal of the entire bladder.
Prognosis
The prognosis of carcinoma in situ of the bladder is generally very good. With early diagnosis and treatment, the chances of a full recovery are high.