Aetiology
The exact cause of catatonia is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an underlying neurological condition such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or autism spectrum disorder. It may also be caused by a reaction to certain medications, such as antipsychotics, or by medical illness, such as encephalitis or stroke.
Diagnosis
Catatonia is diagnosed based on a comprehensive medical and mental health evaluation. The evaluation may include a physical exam, lab tests, and psychological tests. A doctor may use the Bush-Francis Catatonia Screening Instrument or other diagnostic criteria to diagnose catatonia.
Differential diagnosis
Conditions that may be confused with catatonia include delirium, dementia, developmental disabilities, Parkinson’s disease, and general medical conditions.
Treatment
Treatment for catatonia may include medications to reduce or treat the underlying psychological disorder, such as antipsychotics or mood stabilizers. Psychotherapy and other supportive therapies may also be used to help manage symptoms.
Prognosis
The prognosis for catatonia depends on the underlying cause, but in general, individuals who receive treatment have a better prognosis than those who do not. With timely and effective treatment, the prognosis is generally good.