Aetiology
Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric disorder that is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental, psychological, and biological factors. Environmental factors that may trigger or contribute to anorexia include pressure from family, friends, and society to be thin, exposure to cultural messages that value thinness over health, and a lack of knowledge about healthy eating and body image. Psychological factors such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and perfectionism can also lead to anorexia. Biological factors such as genetics, hormones, and neurochemical imbalances may also play a role.
Diagnosis
Anorexia is typically diagnosed based on a physical exam, laboratory tests, and the patient’s medical history. The diagnosis is made if the patient meets the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The criteria include a significantly low body weight, an intense fear of weight gain, and a distorted body image.
Differential diagnosis
Other psychiatric disorders and medical conditions must be ruled out before a diagnosis of anorexia can be made. These include depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, malnutrition, and endocrine disorders.
Treatment
Treatment for anorexia typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, nutrition counseling, and medical care. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely used type of psychotherapy for anorexia, and it focuses on helping the patient identify and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors. Nutrition counseling helps the patient learn about healthy eating and how to make changes to their diet. Medical care may include monitoring of vital signs, laboratory tests, and medication if necessary.
Prognosis
Anorexia can have serious short-term and long-term health consequences. The prognosis is better with early diagnosis and treatment, but can still be difficult to treat due to its complex psychological and biological components. With treatment, most people are able to improve their eating habits and body weight, though it may take time and effort.