Aetiology
Opioid dependence occurs when an individual has developed a psychological and/or physical need for opioid drugs. This dependence can develop from both prescribed and non-prescribed opioid use, such as heroin or oxycodone. Factors that can contribute to opioid dependence include genetic factors, mental health issues, and environmental factors.
Diagnosis
To diagnose opioid dependence, a healthcare provider will typically conduct a physical exam, review the patient’s medical history, and ask about opioid use. Other diagnostic tests, such as toxicology screens, may be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for opioid dependence includes other substance use disorders, such as alcohol and cocaine dependence, as well as mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
Treatment
Treatment for opioid dependence often includes medications, such as buprenorphine and naltrexone, as well as behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. Additional treatments, such as support groups, may also be recommended.
Prognosis
The prognosis for opioid dependence is highly individualized and depends on the severity of the disorder and the willingness of the patient to adhere to treatment. With proper treatment, individuals with opioid dependence can often achieve long-term recovery.