Aetiology
Volatile inhalant disorders are caused by the inhalation of substances that can produce psychoactive effects. These substances can include gases (e.g., nitrous oxide), solvents (e.g., paint thinners), aerosols (e.g., hairspray), and nitrites (e.g., amyl nitrite).
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of volatile inhalant disorders is based on a comprehensive history and physical examination, including the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms. These include confusion, dizziness, slurred speech, ataxia, and nystagmus. In addition, laboratory testing may be used to detect the presence of certain volatile inhalants.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of volatile inhalant disorders includes other substance-induced disorders, such as alcohol-related disorders, as well as other medical conditions, such as metabolic encephalopathy and epilepsy.
Treatment
Treatment for volatile inhalant disorders usually involves supportive care and abstinence from further use of the volatile inhalants. In addition, psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and family therapy, may be used to help the individual manage their substance use. Medications may also be used to treat the immediate effects of volatile inhalants, such as benzodiazepines for anxiety or anticonvulsants for seizures.
Prognosis
The prognosis for individuals with volatile inhalant disorders is generally good, though it can vary depending on the severity of the disorder and the individual’s response to treatment. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals can make a full recovery and return to functioning in their daily lives.