Aetiology
Central sleep apnoeas, unspecified, is a disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of airway obstruction during sleep due to the cessation of respiratory effort. It can occur in both adults and children and is most commonly associated with neurological and cardiac disorders. Common causes include stroke, multiple sclerosis, brainstem lesions, neuromuscular diseases, and structural heart disease.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical history, physical examination, and sleep studies. Sleep studies may involve polysomnography, which can measure electroencephalographic activity, electrocardiographic activity, respiratory effort, oxygen saturation, and other parameters.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis includes obstructive sleep apnoea, which has similar symptoms but is caused by airway obstruction. Other conditions that may be confused with central sleep apnoeas include snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and upper airway muscle tone disorders.
Treatment
Treatment of central sleep apnoeas, unspecified, typically involves addressing the underlying condition. This may include lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, smoking cessation, and avoiding alcohol or sedatives before bed. Treatment may also include medications such as respiratory stimulants or oxygen therapy.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause of the disorder and how well it responds to treatment. In most cases, symptoms can be managed with lifestyle modifications and medical therapy.