Aetiology
Chronic hiccups are usually caused by an underlying medical condition. These include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, medications, and tumors.
Diagnosis
Chronic hiccups can be diagnosed by medical history and physical examination. The doctor may also order tests to help diagnose the underlying cause, such as blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopy.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of chronic hiccups includes other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as GERD, gallbladder disease, or a nerve disorder.
Treatment
Treatment for chronic hiccups depends on the underlying cause. It may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.
Prognosis
The prognosis for chronic hiccups depends on the underlying cause. In most cases, the hiccups can be controlled or eliminated with treatment.