Aetiology
Burning of the face, excluding the eyes and ocular adnexa, is usually caused by thermal, electrical or chemical exposure. Thermal burns can be caused by direct contact with hot objects, steam, hot liquids or flames. Electrical burns can be caused by exposure to high voltage electricity or lightning. Chemical burns can be caused by direct contact with acids, alkalis, or other corrosive agents.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of facial burns is based on a physical examination of the affected area, and a detailed history of the event. The severity of the burn is usually classified using the Wallace rule of nines or the Lund and Browder chart.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of facial burns includes herpes simplex virus infection, contact dermatitis, impetigo, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, cellulitis, and thermal, electrical and chemical exposure.
Treatment
Treatment of facial burns depends on the severity of the burn and the underlying cause. Mild burns may be treated with cool compresses, topical antibiotics, and analgesics. Severe burns may require hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and pain control. The patient may also require skin grafting and reconstructive surgery.
Prognosis
The prognosis for facial burns depends on the severity of the burn. Mild burns usually heal without scarring or complications. Severe burns may result in permanent scarring or disfigurement.