Aetiology
Dysfunction or complication of a pacemaker, pacemaker lead or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) can be caused by a variety of factors, including mechanical or electrical failure, infection, trauma, or failure of the device itself.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of a pacemaker, pacemaker lead or ICD dysfunction or complication may include a physical exam, electrocardiogram (ECG), imaging tests (e.g., X-ray, CT scan, MRI), and blood tests.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of a pacemaker, pacemaker lead, or ICD dysfunction or complication may include other cardiac and non-cardiac disorders, such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, infection, or electrolyte abnormalities.
Treatment
Treatment of a pacemaker, pacemaker lead, or ICD dysfunction or complication may include medications, device reprogramming, lead or device replacement, or device removal.
Prognosis
The prognosis for a pacemaker, pacemaker lead, or ICD dysfunction or complication is generally good, with successful treatment and appropriate follow-up. However, the prognosis may vary depending on the underlying cause of the dysfunction or complication.